{"id":10410,"date":"2017-09-26T18:30:16","date_gmt":"2017-09-26T16:30:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.sacome.com\/heat-exchanger-thermal-calculation\/"},"modified":"2019-02-01T11:22:09","modified_gmt":"2019-02-01T10:22:09","slug":"heat-exchangers-thermal-calculation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.sacome.com\/en\/heat-exchangers-thermal-calculation\/","title":{"rendered":"Heat Exchanger Calculation"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>[et_pb_section bb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; admin_label=&#8221;section&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;3.0.63&#8243; parallax=&#8221;on&#8221; parallax_method=&#8221;off&#8221; background_image=&#8221;https:\/\/www.sacome.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/Intercambiador-tubular-Industrial-sacome-1.png&#8221; background_color=&#8221;#35789b&#8221; next_background_color=&#8221;#ffffff&#8221;][et_pb_row admin_label=&#8221;row&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;30px|0px|0px|0px&#8221; background_position_1=&#8221;top_left&#8221; background_repeat_1=&#8221;no-repeat&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;3.0.63&#8243; background_size=&#8221;initial&#8221; background_position=&#8221;top_left&#8221; background_repeat=&#8221;repeat&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243;][et_pb_blurb admin_label=&#8221;Blurb&#8221; animation=&#8221;bottom&#8221; text_orientation=&#8221;center&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;3.0.63&#8243; background_size=&#8221;initial&#8221; background_position=&#8221;top_left&#8221; background_repeat=&#8221;repeat&#8221; url_new_window=&#8221;off&#8221; use_icon=&#8221;off&#8221; use_circle=&#8221;off&#8221; use_circle_border=&#8221;off&#8221; icon_placement=&#8221;top&#8221; use_icon_font_size=&#8221;off&#8221; background_layout=&#8221;light&#8221; border_style=&#8221;solid&#8221; image_max_width=&#8221;100%&#8221; \/][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row admin_label=&#8221;row&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;0px|0px|0px|0px&#8221; background_position_1=&#8221;top_left&#8221; background_repeat_1=&#8221;no-repeat&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;3.0.63&#8243; background_size=&#8221;initial&#8221; background_position=&#8221;top_left&#8221; background_repeat=&#8221;repeat&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243;][et_pb_text admin_label=&#8221;Text&#8221; background_layout=&#8221;dark&#8221; text_orientation=&#8221;center&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;3.0.63&#8243; background_size=&#8221;initial&#8221; background_position=&#8221;top_left&#8221; background_repeat=&#8221;repeat&#8221; border_style=&#8221;solid&#8221; background_color=&#8221;rgba(53,120,155,0.54)&#8221; module_alignment=&#8221;center&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"font-size: 40px; font-weight: 300;\">How to calculate a heat exchanger<\/h2>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section bb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;3.0.47&#8243; custom_padding=&#8221;54px|0px|4px|0px&#8221; prev_background_color=&#8221;#35789b&#8221; next_background_color=&#8221;#000000&#8243;][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;3.0.47&#8243; background_size=&#8221;initial&#8221; background_position=&#8221;top_left&#8221; background_repeat=&#8221;repeat&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;3.16.1&#8243; background_layout=&#8221;light&#8221; text_orientation=&#8221;left&#8221; border_style=&#8221;solid&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h2>Definition of the process for the calculation of heat exchangers<\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>A\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sacome.com\/en\/tubular-heat-exchangers\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"color: #33789b;\"><strong>heat exchanger<\/strong><\/span><\/a> is an energy exchange system\u00a0(in the form of heat) between a hot and a cold fluid. In practice, all the <strong>thermal duty<\/strong> of the hot fluid (fc) is transferred to the cold fluid (ff), thereby fulfilling the next\u00a0<strong>energy balance<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-5297 size-full\" title=\"Thermal calculation of heat exchangers\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sacome.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/Calculo-termico-de-intercambiadores_1.jpg\" alt=\"Energy balance in heat exchangers\" width=\"67\" height=\"25\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The\u00a0<strong>thermal duty<\/strong>\u00a0of a fluid in liquid state\u00a0<strong>depends on the mass flowrate<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0<strong>the temperature differential between the inlet and outlet sections<\/strong>. In a fluid with a change of phase in saturated conditions (either condensation or evaporation), the heat power depends on the mass flowrate and the enthalpy of the phase change, that is determined by the saturation pressure.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The process is defined when all the features have been fixed by the client, except of one, that will be calculated by means of the above-mentioned <strong>thermal balance<\/strong>. As an example:<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Liquid product (p), Liquid service (s)<\/strong>.\u00a0The practice is to define the flowrate and the inlet and outlet temperatures of the product, thus leaving free one of these 3 values in the service fluid:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-5299 size-full\" title=\"Heat Exchangers calculation\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sacome.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/Calculo-termico-de-intercambiadores_2.jpg\" alt=\"Thermal design of Heat Exchangers \" width=\"272\" height=\"21\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Liquid product (p), service with change of phase (s).<\/strong>\u00a0It is common to set the flowrate and the inlet and outlet temperatures of the product side, as well as the service pressure, leaving free the service flowrate.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-5301 size-full\" title=\"Thermal Design of Heat Exchangers \" src=\"https:\/\/www.sacome.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/Calculo-termico-de-intercambiadores_3.jpg\" alt=\"Thermal Design of Heat Exchangers \" width=\"208\" height=\"19\" \/><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_divider _builder_version=&#8221;3.0.63&#8243; divider_style=&#8221;solid&#8221; divider_position=&#8221;top&#8221; hide_on_mobile=&#8221;on&#8221; disabled_on=&#8221;on|on|off&#8221; color=&#8221;#ffffff&#8221; show_divider=&#8221;off&#8221; \/][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;3.16.1&#8243; background_layout=&#8221;light&#8221; text_orientation=&#8221;left&#8221; border_style=&#8221;solid&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h2>Thermal properties for the calculation of heat exchangers<\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The knowledge of the next <strong>thermal properties<\/strong> (both for the product and the service side) is a requisite for the design of the heat exchanger:\u00a0<strong>density, specific heat, conductivity and viscosity<\/strong>. It is generally interesting for the designer to know the variation of these properties\u00a0at different <strong>temperatures<\/strong>\u00a0within the working range.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>However, in the\u00a0food industry, this information takes a special relevance:<strong>\u00a0the viscosity of the food fluids can abruptly change with the temperature<\/strong>\u00a0(even more for low temperatures), being common that the product has a\u00a0<strong>non-newtonian<\/strong>\u00a0behaviour, in which the viscosity depends also on the\u00a0<strong>process velocity through the heat exchanger<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Therefore, a suitable <strong>modelling of the thermal properties<\/strong> is the basis for an optimal design of the\u00a0<strong>heat exchanger<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><strong><em>SACOME provides you a complete database of more than 600 food products in order to ensure a correct determining of the thermal properties. For complex products, SACOME offers its clients the possibility to do rheological tests, starting from a little sample, in order to get the properties in an accurate way.<\/em><\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_divider _builder_version=&#8221;3.0.63&#8243; divider_style=&#8221;solid&#8221; divider_position=&#8221;top&#8221; hide_on_mobile=&#8221;on&#8221; disabled_on=&#8221;on|on|off&#8221; color=&#8221;#ffffff&#8221; show_divider=&#8221;off&#8221; \/][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;3.0.63&#8243; background_layout=&#8221;light&#8221; text_orientation=&#8221;left&#8221; border_style=&#8221;solid&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h2>Definition of the heat exchanger<\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Once the process has been established and the<strong> thermal properties<\/strong> of the fluids have been modelled, the task of defining the <strong>heat exchanger<\/strong> starts itself.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Selection of the materials for the heat exchanger<\/h3>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; padding-left: 30px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sacome.com\/en\/manufacturing\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"color: #33789b;\"><strong>SACOME<\/strong> manufactures its <strong>heat exchangers<\/strong> in <strong>stainless steel<\/strong> and <strong>carbon steel<\/strong>\u00a0<\/span><\/a>and offers its customers other <strong>special materials<\/strong> for applications with a high risk of corrosion.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Selection of the geometry for the heat exchanger<\/h3>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; padding-left: 30px;\">This choice will depend on the type of process and the nature of the product. The Technical Department of SACOME will guide you to select the appropriate <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sacome.com\/en\/tubular-heat-exchangers\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"color: #33789b;\"><strong>tubular exchanger<\/strong>,<\/span><\/a> by evaluating the different requirements of the client: flow rate, pressure drop, available space, etc.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; padding-left: 30px;\">The tubular geometries most used for heat exchangers are Tube in Tube, Annular Space and Shell &amp; Tube.<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section bb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; fullwidth=&#8221;off&#8221; specialty=&#8221;off&#8221; prev_background_color=&#8221;#000000&#8243; next_background_color=&#8221;#000000&#8243;][et_pb_row][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_3&#8243;][et_pb_image _builder_version=&#8221;3.0.63&#8243; src=&#8221;https:\/\/www.sacome.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/Intercambiador-de-dos-tubos-concentricos.jpg&#8221; show_in_lightbox=&#8221;off&#8221; url_new_window=&#8221;off&#8221; use_overlay=&#8221;off&#8221; sticky=&#8221;off&#8221; align=&#8221;left&#8221; always_center_on_mobile=&#8221;on&#8221; border_style=&#8221;solid&#8221; force_fullwidth=&#8221;off&#8221; alt=&#8221;Tube in Tube Heat Exchanger&#8221; title_text=&#8221;Monotubular Heat Exchanger&#8221; animation=&#8221;off&#8221; animation_style=&#8221;none&#8221; animation_duration=&#8221;1000ms&#8221; animation_intensity_slide=&#8221;50%&#8221; show_bottom_space=&#8221;on&#8221; \/][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;3.0.63&#8243; background_layout=&#8221;light&#8221; text_orientation=&#8221;left&#8221; border_style=&#8221;solid&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sacome.com\/en\/sanitary-tube-in-tube-heat-exchanger\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong><span style=\"color: #33789b;\">Tube in tube heat exchanger<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_3&#8243;][et_pb_image _builder_version=&#8221;3.0.63&#8243; src=&#8221;https:\/\/www.sacome.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/Intercambiador-de-espacio-anular.jpg&#8221; show_in_lightbox=&#8221;off&#8221; url_new_window=&#8221;off&#8221; use_overlay=&#8221;off&#8221; sticky=&#8221;off&#8221; align=&#8221;left&#8221; always_center_on_mobile=&#8221;on&#8221; border_style=&#8221;solid&#8221; force_fullwidth=&#8221;off&#8221; alt=&#8221;Anular Space Heat Exchanger&#8221; title_text=&#8221;Anular Space Heat Exchanger&#8221; animation=&#8221;off&#8221; animation_style=&#8221;none&#8221; animation_duration=&#8221;1000ms&#8221; animation_intensity_slide=&#8221;50%&#8221; show_bottom_space=&#8221;on&#8221; \/][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;3.0.63&#8243; background_layout=&#8221;light&#8221; text_orientation=&#8221;left&#8221; border_style=&#8221;solid&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sacome.com\/en\/anular-space-heat-exchanger-axial-product-inlet\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong><span style=\"color: #33789b;\">Annular space heat exchanger<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_3&#8243;][et_pb_image _builder_version=&#8221;3.0.63&#8243; src=&#8221;https:\/\/www.sacome.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/Intercambiador-de-carcasa-y-tubos.jpg&#8221; show_in_lightbox=&#8221;off&#8221; url_new_window=&#8221;off&#8221; use_overlay=&#8221;off&#8221; sticky=&#8221;off&#8221; align=&#8221;left&#8221; always_center_on_mobile=&#8221;on&#8221; border_style=&#8221;solid&#8221; force_fullwidth=&#8221;off&#8221; alt=&#8221;Shell &amp; Tube Heat Exchanger&#8221; title_text=&#8221;Shell &amp; Tube Heat Exchanger&#8221; animation=&#8221;off&#8221; animation_style=&#8221;none&#8221; animation_duration=&#8221;1000ms&#8221; animation_intensity_slide=&#8221;50%&#8221; show_bottom_space=&#8221;on&#8221; \/][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;3.0.63&#8243; background_layout=&#8221;light&#8221; text_orientation=&#8221;left&#8221; border_style=&#8221;solid&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sacome.com\/en\/sanitary-multitube-heat-exchanger-non-removable-tube-bundle\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong><span style=\"color: #33789b;\">Shell and tube heat exchanger<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section bb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; fullwidth=&#8221;off&#8221; specialty=&#8221;off&#8221; prev_background_color=&#8221;#000000&#8243; next_background_color=&#8221;#000000&#8243;][et_pb_row][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;3.16.1&#8243;]<\/p>\n<h3>Configuration and surface finish for the heat exchanger<\/h3>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The <strong>configuration of the heat exchanger<\/strong> will depend on the type of process and the nature of the product.<\/p>\n<p>The Technical Department of SACOME will advise you in order to choose the most suitable<strong> heat exchanger<\/strong>, assessing the different requirements of the client: process velocities, pressure drops, available space, etc.<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section bb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; fullwidth=&#8221;off&#8221; specialty=&#8221;off&#8221; prev_background_color=&#8221;#000000&#8243; next_background_color=&#8221;#000000&#8243;][et_pb_row][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_3&#8243;][et_pb_image _builder_version=&#8221;3.0.63&#8243; src=&#8221;https:\/\/www.sacome.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/Acabados-disponibles-en-intercambiadores-de-calor.jpg&#8221; show_in_lightbox=&#8221;off&#8221; url_new_window=&#8221;off&#8221; use_overlay=&#8221;off&#8221; sticky=&#8221;off&#8221; align=&#8221;left&#8221; always_center_on_mobile=&#8221;on&#8221; border_style=&#8221;solid&#8221; force_fullwidth=&#8221;off&#8221; alt=&#8221;Tubular Heat Exchangers mounted on a frame&#8221; title_text=&#8221;Tubular Heat Exchangers Calculation&#8221; animation=&#8221;off&#8221; animation_style=&#8221;none&#8221; animation_duration=&#8221;1000ms&#8221; animation_intensity_slide=&#8221;50%&#8221; show_bottom_space=&#8221;on&#8221; \/][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_3&#8243;][et_pb_image _builder_version=&#8221;3.0.63&#8243; src=&#8221;https:\/\/www.sacome.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/04\/Bastidor-Intercambiadores-de-calor-de-espacio-anular_SACOME.png&#8221; show_in_lightbox=&#8221;off&#8221; url_new_window=&#8221;off&#8221; use_overlay=&#8221;off&#8221; sticky=&#8221;off&#8221; align=&#8221;left&#8221; always_center_on_mobile=&#8221;on&#8221; border_style=&#8221;solid&#8221; force_fullwidth=&#8221;off&#8221; alt=&#8221;Design and Manufacturing of Tubular Heat Exchangers &#8221; title_text=&#8221;Heat exchanger with special design for sanitary and pharmaceutical applications&#8221; animation=&#8221;off&#8221; animation_style=&#8221;none&#8221; animation_duration=&#8221;1000ms&#8221; animation_intensity_slide=&#8221;50%&#8221; show_bottom_space=&#8221;on&#8221; \/][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_3&#8243;][et_pb_image _builder_version=&#8221;3.0.63&#8243; src=&#8221;https:\/\/www.sacome.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/Intercambiadores-farmaceuticos-con-acabados-especiales.jpg&#8221; show_in_lightbox=&#8221;off&#8221; url_new_window=&#8221;off&#8221; use_overlay=&#8221;off&#8221; sticky=&#8221;off&#8221; align=&#8221;left&#8221; always_center_on_mobile=&#8221;on&#8221; border_style=&#8221;solid&#8221; force_fullwidth=&#8221;off&#8221; alt=&#8221;Heat Exchangers with special surface finish&#8221; title_text=&#8221;Tubular Heat Exchanger with special surface finish&#8221; animation=&#8221;off&#8221; animation_style=&#8221;none&#8221; animation_duration=&#8221;1000ms&#8221; animation_intensity_slide=&#8221;50%&#8221; show_bottom_space=&#8221;on&#8221; \/][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section bb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; fullwidth=&#8221;off&#8221; specialty=&#8221;off&#8221; prev_background_color=&#8221;#000000&#8243; next_background_color=&#8221;#000000&#8243;][et_pb_row][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;3.16.1&#8243;]<\/p>\n<h2>Thermal design of the heat exchanger<\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Starting from the\u00a0<strong>definition of the heat exchanger<\/strong>, the key task for the designer is the\u00a0<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sacome.com\/en\/engineering-design\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sizing of the heat exchanger<\/a>.<\/strong>\u00a0The designer must calculate the\u00a0<strong>optimal exchange area<\/strong>\u00a0that can fulfill all the requirements imposed by the client.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">To that end, the next\u00a0<strong>heat transfer equation<\/strong>\u00a0is applied, where\u00a0<strong><em>Q<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0is the\u00a0<strong>thermal exchange duty<\/strong>,\u00a0<strong><em>U<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0is the\u00a0<strong>global thermal exchange coefficient<\/strong>,\u00a0<strong><em>A<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0is the\u00a0<strong>exchange area<\/strong>, and\u00a0<strong>LMTD<\/strong>\u00a0is the\u00a0logarithmic mean temperature difference.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-5303 size-full\" title=\"Heat Exchangers design\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sacome.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/Calculo-termico-de-intercambiadores_4.jpg\" alt=\"Thermal design of a heat exchanger\" width=\"110\" height=\"16\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">This equation must be discretised along the<strong>\u00a0heat exchanger<\/strong>\u00a0into a suitable number of sections: the\u00a0<strong>heat transfer efficiency\u00a0<\/strong>between the fluids varies along the heat exchanger as, among other reasons, the<strong>\u00a0thermal properties<\/strong>\u00a0change with temperature and complex thermal phenomena take place inside the heat exchanger.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In order to be able to understand the calculation procedure, the\u00a0<strong>heat transfer equation<\/strong>\u00a0can be applied to the whole heat exchanger, thus obtaining an initial approach to the required\u00a0<strong>exchange area<\/strong>. This process is explained below for a 2 concentrical tubes heat exchanger in counter-current.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Determining of the thermal duty<\/h3>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">This is obtained from the process data already settled for the product, that will usually be processed through the inner tube.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-5305 size-full\" title=\"Thermal duty in heat exchangers\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sacome.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/Calculo-termico-de-intercambiadores_5.jpg\" alt=\"Thermal duty in heat exchangers\" width=\"116\" height=\"21\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Calculation of the Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD)<\/h3>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">This is defined between 2 sections of the\u00a0<strong>heat exchanger,<\/strong>\u00a0and it depends on the inlet and outlet temperatures of the product and service fluids. Speaking about the whole heat exchanger, these 4 temperatures are well known. However, if we wish to discretise the heat exchanger into several increments and calculate the\u00a0<strong>LMTD<\/strong>\u00a0for each of them, there are some values unknown at a first glance, being necessary to execute a process of iteration and convergence.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-5307 size-full\" title=\"Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference \" src=\"https:\/\/www.sacome.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/Calculo-termico-de-intercambiadores_6.jpg\" alt=\"Calculation of the Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference \" width=\"215\" height=\"65\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Determining of the overall heat transfer coefficient<\/h3>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>This is the result of the addition of the different\u00a0<strong>thermal resistances<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-5309 size-full\" title=\"Heat transfer coefficient\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sacome.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/Calculo-termico-de-intercambiadores_7.jpg\" alt=\"Heat transfer coefficient\" width=\"194\" height=\"38\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h4><u>Convection thermal resistance<\/u><\/h4>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">This resistance assesses the<strong>\u00a0thermal exchange<\/strong>\u00a0produced by convection in both fluid channels. It is in inverse ratio to the\u00a0<strong>thermal exchange coefficient<\/strong>\u00a0of the fluid, h.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>For the product side, being Dp and dp the external and internal diameters of the inner tube, it is:<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-5311 size-full\" title=\"Convection thermal resistance\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sacome.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/Calculo-termico-de-intercambiadores_8.jpg\" alt=\"Convection thermal resistance\" width=\"88\" height=\"37\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>while for the service channel, it is:<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-5313 size-full\" title=\"Convection thermal resistance\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sacome.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/Calculo-termico-de-intercambiadores_9.jpg\" alt=\"Convection thermal resistance in service chanel\" width=\"62\" height=\"36\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The critical issue when designing the heat exchanger is the determining of the\u00a0<strong>thermal exchange coefficients<\/strong>\u00a0reliably and accurately: a wrong calculation will result in a lack of performance, and the heat exchanger may even not reach the required temperatures.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Depending on the<strong>\u00a0flow path<\/strong>\u00a0(tube, annular space, etc.) and on the\u00a0<strong>flow regime<\/strong>\u00a0(laminar, turbulent, etc.) it will also be necessary to establish an empirical correlation for Nusselt Nu, as it is the dimensionless parameter from which the heat exchange coefficient can be calculated. Generally speaking,\u00a0<strong>Nusselt<\/strong>\u00a0will depend on other dimensionless parameters as Reynolds, Prandtl, Graetz, Grashof, etc.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><em><strong>As a registered member of\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.htri.net\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Heat Transfer Research, Inc.<\/a>, SACOME performs the design of its exchangers according to the newest version of the software\u00a0HTRI Xchanger Suite v7.00.<\/strong><\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h4><\/h4>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h4><u>Conduction thermal resistance<\/u><\/h4>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">It is used for the assessment of the<strong>\u00a0heat exchange<\/strong>\u00a0produced by conduction through the wall that separates both fluids. For a circular tube, being k the<strong>thermal conductivity of the metal<\/strong>, it is defined as:<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-5315 size-full\" title=\"Conduction thermal resistance\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sacome.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/Calculo-termico-de-intercambiadores_10.jpg\" alt=\"Conduction thermal resistance in heat exchangers\" width=\"111\" height=\"36\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h4><u>Fouling thermal resistance\u00a0<\/u><\/h4>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">As the\u00a0<strong>heat exchanger<\/strong>\u00a0is operating, a layer composed of the impurities of the product (it happens in a similar way with the service side) is being deposited on the surfaces being in contact with the fluids. These\u00a0<strong>fouling<\/strong>\u00a0resistances worsen the heat exchange process.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">For the applications (mainly within the industrial field) in which the shutdown for cleaning tasks is required to be delayed, it is common practice to consider these additional resistances since the beginning, thereby oversizing the equipment. For food applications they are not contemplated, since the cleaning tasks are carried out more frequently.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>In the product side, it is:<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-5317 size-full\" title=\"Fouling thermal resistance\u00a0in heat exchangers\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sacome.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/Calculo-termico-de-intercambiadores_11.jpg\" alt=\"Fouling thermal resistance\u00a0in heat exchangers\" width=\"89\" height=\"36\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Whereas in the service channel, it is:<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-5319 size-full\" title=\"Fouling thermal resistance\u00a0in heat exchangers\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sacome.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/Calculo-termico-de-intercambiadores_12.jpg\" alt=\"Fouling thermal resistance\u00a0in heat exchangers\" width=\"58\" height=\"20\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><\/h3>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Calculation of the required exchange area<\/h3>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">By applying the\u00a0<strong>heat exchange equation<\/strong>, it is possible to obtain the required<strong>\u00a0exchange area<\/strong>. Given that the diameter of the inner tube has already been set, the solution to the problem consists on obtaining the total length of the heat exchanger Lt:<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-5321 size-full\" title=\"Exchange area in heat exchangers\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sacome.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/Calculo-termico-de-intercambiadores_13.jpg\" alt=\"Calculation of the required exchange area in heat exchangers\" width=\"169\" height=\"35\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The result we get is the theoretical required area. However, as it is necessary to choose a length of the tube available on the market, L: if this length is less than the theoretical one, then a set of heat exchangers, n, is required to be placed in series:<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-5331 size-full\" title=\"Heat Exchangers calculation\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sacome.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/Calculo-termico-de-intercambiadores_15.jpg\" alt=\"Heat Exchangers calculation\" width=\"61\" height=\"16\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Anyhow, it\u2019s always advisable that the<strong>\u00a0exchange area<\/strong>\u00a0is higher than the theoretical one, depending on the uncertainty when determining the\u00a0<strong>thermal properties<\/strong>\u00a0of the fluids, the<strong>\u00a0fouling resistances<\/strong>\u00a0or the\u00a0<strong>heat transfer coefficients<\/strong>. In order to quantify this overdesign, an overall thermal exchange coefficient, or \u201cfouled K-value\u201d, is defined:<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-5323 size-full\" title=\"Heat Exchangers Calculation\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sacome.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/Calculo-termico-de-intercambiadores_14.jpg\" alt=\"Heat Exchangers design and calculation\" width=\"178\" height=\"84\" \/>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section bb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; fullwidth=&#8221;off&#8221; specialty=&#8221;off&#8221; prev_background_color=&#8221;#000000&#8243;][et_pb_row][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243;][et_pb_blog _builder_version=&#8221;3.17.6&#8243; posts_number=&#8221;3&#8243; include_categories=&#8221;33&#8243; show_author=&#8221;off&#8221; show_date=&#8221;off&#8221; show_pagination=&#8221;off&#8221; fullwidth=&#8221;off&#8221; use_overlay=&#8221;on&#8221; hover_overlay_color=&#8221;rgba(0,0,0,0.56)&#8221; header_level=&#8221;h3&#8243; \/][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The critical issue when designing the heat exchanger is the determining of the thermal exchange coefficients reliably and accurately.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":2094,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[41],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-10410","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-heat-exchangers-technical-documentation"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sacome.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10410"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sacome.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sacome.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sacome.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sacome.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10410"}],"version-history":[{"count":215,"href":"https:\/\/www.sacome.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10410\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":28557,"href":"https:\/\/www.sacome.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10410\/revisions\/28557"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sacome.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2094"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.sacome.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10410"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sacome.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=10410"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.sacome.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=10410"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}